The Post was Given a Title by Me - Swahili Passive Voice

The King of Cool. What a voice.

Speaking of voice...

I've been trying to figure out how to form passive voice verbs in Swahili for a few weeks. I even reached out to Mama Moshi with a vague request for help (which she promptly and graciosity fulfilled). I just couldn't quite figure out how to crack the passive voice code.

The hurdle that I was having trouble clearing is easier to see than to explain. 

In the Active Voice examples below, the verb ends are -a for each example. Simple. Straightforward.

• Zinabomoa nyumba. [They are demolishing the houses.]
• Emilian aliandika kitabu. [Emilian wrote the book.]
• Mwalimu atakaa kiti. [The teacher will sit in the chair.]

I noticed that there is something unusual about the verb ends with passive voice verbs. Passive Voice verbs don't use the -a verb end, but I couldn't figure out the rule that determines which verb end they do use because they use different verb ends. Here are a few examples.

• Nyumba zinabomolewa. [Houses are being demolished.]
• Kitabu kiliandikwa na Emilian. [The book was written by Emilian.]
• Kiti kitakaliwa na mwalimu. [The chair will be sat on by the teacher.]

And then I found the Passive Voice section of the Swahili Cheat Sheet which explains how to form Passive Voice verbs. Here's the gist:

1. If the infinitive ends in -a, form the root-verb by dropping the last -a off the infinitive. Then drop the leading ku-. From the earlier examples,
• The root-verb for kubomoa is bomo
• The root-verb for kuandika is andik
• The root-verb for kukaa is ka
2. If the root-verb ends in a consonant (e.g., kuandik), the Passive Verb end is -wa
3. If the root-verb ends in a, i, or u (e.g., kuka), the Passive Verb end is -liwa
4. If the root-verb ends in e or o, (e.g., kubomo), the verb end is -lewa

Wham! Bam! Thank you, Swahili Cheat Sheet! I hope you're satisfied.

Swahili Noun Classes Make My Head Hurt

Each Swahili noun belongs to a class. The class the noun belongs to determines how to form it's adjectives, demonstratives, verbs, modifiers... I think I can make myself understood when speaking Swahili without knowing the noun classes, but I can't understand a person who uses noun classes correctly when speaking to me unless I also know the noun classes.

Here's an example I saw on Dana Hooshmand's page that illustrates my point. 

Swahili		English
Kitu kizuri ambacho kipa hapa.		The nice thing that is here.
Gari nzuri ambalo lipa hapa.		The nice car that is here.

Everything in red changes from the first Swahili sentence to the next based on the noun classes of Kitu (thing) and Gari (car), yet only one word changes from the first English sentence to the next.

I copied the chart below from something Dana Hooshmand posted to try to help me keep up with Swahili noun classes. When I wrote this post, the sheet was available as a .pdf.

I have a hard copy of the chart and use it to work through translating my English into Swahili. If I can't remember which class a noun belongs to, I refer to Noun Classes section of Kiswahili Lessons at The University of Kansas website. Here's how I work through my translations.

English Sentence	Noun Class	Swahili Sentence
These are the people that wrote	People= Watu M/Wa Class	Hawa ni watu waliandika
This motorcycle is broken.	Motorcycle= Pikipiki N Class	Pikipiki hii haifanya kazi
My dog's name is Hank.	Dog=Mbwa M/Wa Class Name=Jina Ji/Ma Class	Jina la mbwa wangu ni Hank.

Below, I'm building on an exercise I found on the University of Wisconsin website that also helps me with noun classes.

Class	English	Swahili
M	The child of mother grew.	Mtoto wa mama alikua.
Wa	The children of mother grew.	Watoto wa mama walikua.
M	The tree of mother grew.	Mti wa mama ulikua.
Mi	The trees of mother grew.	Miti ya mama ilikua.
Ji	The fruit of mother grew.	Tunda ya mama lilikua.
Ma	The fruits of mother grew.	Matunda ya mama yalikua.
Ki	The island of mother grew.	Kisiwa cha mama kilikua.
Vi	The islands of mother grew.	Visiwa vya mama vilikua.
N	The banana of mother grew.	Ndizi ya mama ilikua.
N	The bananas of mother grew.	Ndizi za mama zilikua.
U	The rib of mother grew.	Ubavu wa mama ulikua.
U	The ribs of mother grew.	Mbavu za mama zilikua.

Grammar Time

 

I have nearly finished writing something about how to form passive verbs in Swahili. Writing that post has helped me realized that there are a lot of Swahili grammar rules that I either struggled with and then figured out how they work or that I'm still  struggling with. So, I'm going to try to dig into some of those rules which should in turn help my ability to use them.

Let's see where this takes me.

GPA 2022 Get Together

We had a great reunion at Mama Moshi's house on 1/21/2023. Mama Moshi alitayarisha supu ya ndizi -- Chakula kilikuwa kitamu mno na tuli - a lot of fun!

Tutasafari Tanzania Tena

I think Christa learned that she will be returning to Tanzania for the 2023 GPA Tanzania Study Abroad Fulbright-Hayes Fellowship while we were still in Tanzania in 2022. In December 2022, Stella and I found out we'll be joining her.

Folks there are usually happy to have their pictures taken. It's polite to offer a tip.